Marxist approach to International Relations

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The Marxist approach to the study of international relational is unconventional, as it insists on the need for change, unlike the realist and liberals. It is not status-quoits and stands for radical change of the existing international/world order. Liberals and Realist theories hold that power is organized vertically, reflecting the division of the world into independent states, Marxism advances a theory of horizontal organization based on international class. Marxist agrees that the social world must be viewed and analyzed in totality. They insist that understanding one without knowledge of the other is not possible because the social world can only be studied as a whole. Another key element of the Marxist approach is the materialist conception of history. Economic development serves as the motor of history. The central dynamic that Marx identifies is tension between means of production and relations of production that together form the economic base of a given society. The legal,...
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Civil society and its importance (IGNOU/UPSC/STATE EXAMS)

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 Civil society is a form of societal self- organization that allows for cooperation with the state and at the same time enables the flourishing of individuation. According to World Bank, "Civil society refers to the wide array of organization, labor unions, professional organization and foundations.

                


CIVIL SOCIETY-DEMOCRACY: Democracy and civil society are related to each other. A healthy liberal democracy needs the support of a public 'that is organized for democracy, socialized to its norms and values, and committed not just to its myriad narrow interests but to larger, common civic end.'

Alexis de Tocqueville in his writing on American politics laid the foundation of democracy-civil society nexus thesis. He thought America's democracy was sustained by the richness and diversity of its voluntary associations.

CIVIL SOCIETY-STATE: Civil society is significant for the production of a critical rational discourse which possesses the potential to interrogate the state. Characterized by open communication and publicity, freedom of expressions and the right to form associations, civil society occupies a pride of place in democratic theory.

CIVIL SOCIETY-ACCOUNTABILITY AND RULE OF LAW: In a civil society people ask questions on the actions and work outcomes of the government. People participate in preparing developmental plans at grassroots and higher level

Civil society can influence policy and project formulation through membership of committees and submission of memoranda. It is the watchdog against violation of human rights and advocates weaker sections point of view.

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