Marxist approach to International Relations

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The Marxist approach to the study of international relational is unconventional, as it insists on the need for change, unlike the realist and liberals. It is not status-quoits and stands for radical change of the existing international/world order. Liberals and Realist theories hold that power is organized vertically, reflecting the division of the world into independent states, Marxism advances a theory of horizontal organization based on international class. Marxist agrees that the social world must be viewed and analyzed in totality. They insist that understanding one without knowledge of the other is not possible because the social world can only be studied as a whole. Another key element of the Marxist approach is the materialist conception of history. Economic development serves as the motor of history. The central dynamic that Marx identifies is tension between means of production and relations of production that together form the economic base of a given society. The legal,...
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Identity politics in India(IGNOU/UPSC/STATE EXAMS)

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 Identity politics is when people of a particular race, ethnicity, gender or religion form alliances and organize politically to defend their group's interest. In India, we find that despite adoption of a liberal democratic polity after independence, communities and collective identities have remained powerful and continue to claim recognition.

CASED BASED IDENTITY: The overlaps of caste based discrimination with politics has not only made oppressed caste-groups to be accorded political freedom and recognition, but also raised consciousness about its potential as a political capital.                         The origin of caste based identity politics may be said to have its origin on the issue of providing the oppressed caste groups with state support in the form of protective discrimination. This group-identity based on caste is institutionalized by caste-based political parties that profess to uphold and protect the interest of specific identities including the castes. Consequently we have the upper caste dominated BJP, the lower caste dominated BSP and left parties have tacitly followed the caste pattern to extract mileage in electoral politics. 

RELIGION BASED IDENTITY: Another form of identity politics is that affected through the construction of a community on the shared bond of religion. In India, Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism are some of the majority, which inspires many Hindu loyalist groups like the RSS or Shiv Sena and BJP to claim that India is a Hindu state. These claims generate homogenizing myths about India and its history. These claims are countered by other religious groups who foresee the possibility of losing autonomy of practice of their religious and cultural life under such homogenizing claims which often leads to communal riots.                            The rise of Hindu national assertiveness, politics of representational government, persistence of communal perceptions and competition for socio-economic resources are considered some of the reasons for the generation for the socio-economic ideologies and their transformation into major riots.

LANGUAGE BASED IDENTITY: The formation of Andhra Pradesh from the Telugu speaking region of the then Madras was the opening wedge for the bitter struggle over states reorganization which dominated Indian politics.                                    The claims of separate state for linguistic collectivities even today continue to confront the concerns of the Indian leadership. But the problem has been that none of the created or claimed states are mono-ethnic in composition and some even have numerically and politically powerful minorities. This threatens the territorial limits of existing states and disputes over boundaries between linguistic states have continued to stir conflicts.                                                  Though linguistic states provides freedom and autonomy for collectiveness within heterogeneous society, critics argue that linguistic states have reinforced regionalism and has provided a platform for the articulation of a phenomenal number of identity claims in a country that has 1652 mother tongues and only 14 recognized languages.

ETHNICITY BASED IDENTITY: Various communities in Northeast India such as the Nagas have distinct culture, tradition and language, thus they claim to have separate identity. Through mobilizations along the ethnic lines many hitherto excluded groups have asserted themselves for their share of resources. However, this process of inclusion is marred by violent conflicts as claims by ethnic groups overlaps and creates conflict among groups threatening the security and sovereignty of India.

The democratic political system in India enables various groups to organize and assert on the basis the common attributes which they share. Identity politics has both negative and positive roles in Indian politics.

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