Marxist approach to International Relations

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The Marxist approach to the study of international relational is unconventional, as it insists on the need for change, unlike the realist and liberals. It is not status-quoits and stands for radical change of the existing international/world order. Liberals and Realist theories hold that power is organized vertically, reflecting the division of the world into independent states, Marxism advances a theory of horizontal organization based on international class. Marxist agrees that the social world must be viewed and analyzed in totality. They insist that understanding one without knowledge of the other is not possible because the social world can only be studied as a whole. Another key element of the Marxist approach is the materialist conception of history. Economic development serves as the motor of history. The central dynamic that Marx identifies is tension between means of production and relations of production that together form the economic base of a given society. The legal,...
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Indigenous people (IGNOU/UPSC/STATE EXAMS)

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 The term indigenous people  refer to communities which share a common characteristics such as;

* self identification and acceptance at individual and community level.            * historical continuity with pre-colonial societies.                                * strong attachment to ancestral territories and natural resources.                * distinct social, spiritual, political, legal or economic system. 

The spread of indigenous people were related to the kind of development at the international level. The establishment of League of nation in 1919 has raised indigenous issues. The wave of de-colonization in the third world aroused sympathy for those ethnic groups that had been subjected to internal colonization. These opened the way for the question of the indigenous peoples to be raised as a separate issue within the UN around 1970. In 1957, the ILO (International Labor organization) adopted resolution 107 which gave protection to tribal and indigenous people.

While there were just a handful of indigenous movements in the 1960's, they gained strength in the 1970's and by 1990's indigenous organizations had mushroomed ranging from local and regional organizations to national level federative organizations having alliances with well-developed international lobbies. These kind of lobbies took up major issues concerning indigenous peoples like that of self-determination, territorial rights, intellectual property rights, preservation of cultural traditions and languages. 

The government has taken up several measures to give constitutional recognition to the rights of the indigenous people. But despite all the major steps undertaken by the government, it is not enough. As these steps are mostly because of the results of intense international awareness and pressure. 

Indigenous movements making their presence felt nationally as well as internationally will be instrumental in their fight for their rights.

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