Marxist approach to International Relations

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The Marxist approach to the study of international relational is unconventional, as it insists on the need for change, unlike the realist and liberals. It is not status-quoits and stands for radical change of the existing international/world order. Liberals and Realist theories hold that power is organized vertically, reflecting the division of the world into independent states, Marxism advances a theory of horizontal organization based on international class. Marxist agrees that the social world must be viewed and analyzed in totality. They insist that understanding one without knowledge of the other is not possible because the social world can only be studied as a whole. Another key element of the Marxist approach is the materialist conception of history. Economic development serves as the motor of history. The central dynamic that Marx identifies is tension between means of production and relations of production that together form the economic base of a given society. The legal,...
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Discuss the significance of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in Indian democracy (IGNOU/UPSC/STATE EXAMS)

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      Local self government existed in India since ancient times, but it was regarded as a failed God by some scholars. But the 73rd and 74th amendment, which was passed in 1992 and came into force in 1994, has virtually revolutionized the idea of local self-government. It has bestowed constitutional status and has rejuvenated the landmark development in the evolution of democratic decentralization in the country.

73rd Amendment Act:

     The 73rd Amendment act provides for a three-tier Panchayat Raj system at the village, intermediate (block or taluka) and district levels. This act acknowledges the role of Gram Sabha in the empowerment of the rural people and provided for the strengthening of the Gram Sabhas for the successful functioning of the PRIs. The Gram Sabha consists of all the residents of a village, and those above 18 years of age are on the electoral rolls of a village. These functioning of Gram Sabha include discussion on the annual statement of accounts, administration, and report selection of beneficiaries of anti-poverty programs. The number of members varies from state to state, and some of them have been reserved for STs and SCs according to their population and one third of their total seats have been reserved for the women.

 The obligatory functions of the Gram Panchayat include provision of safe drinking water, maintenance of public wells, ponds, dispensaries, primary and secondary schools etc. It has also been assigned developmental functions like minor irrigation schemes, rural electrification, cottage and small industries and poverty alleviation programs also.

The Zila Parishad is the Apex body of the PRIs. It coordinates the activities of Panchayat Samities and approves budget of the Panchayat Samitis. It maintains educational institutions, irrigation schemes, and undertakes programs for the weaker sections.

74th Amendment Act:

 The 74th Amendment act provides for the constitution of three types of local self government in urban areas. It provides for Municipal Corporations, where every Municipal Corporation has a General Council. It has members elected by the adult citizen of the city. These members are called councilors. The MPs and MLAs are also the member. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief executive officer of the Corporation. The compulsory functions of a Municipal Corporation includes maintenance of hospitals, supplying safe drinking water, electricity, running schools and keeping an account of births and deaths. It launches poverty alleviation programs for the weaker sections. A Municipality is composed of councilors elected by the local population. Seats have been reserved for STs and SCs according to their proportion of the town and one third of the seats have been reserved for women. In some states the Chairman of the Municipal Board has powers to appoint teachers of primary schools and even lower level staffs. It supplies electricity, drinking water, health facilities, schools and maintaining roads and keeping records of weaker sections of the society. It provides drinking water, maintaining primary schools and registration of births and deaths. 

For vibrant local self-government institutions what is needed is strong political will of the state government and cooperation from the bureaucracy. It also needs a determination on the part of the people to make them a success.



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