Marxist approach to International Relations

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The Marxist approach to the study of international relational is unconventional, as it insists on the need for change, unlike the realist and liberals. It is not status-quoits and stands for radical change of the existing international/world order. Liberals and Realist theories hold that power is organized vertically, reflecting the division of the world into independent states, Marxism advances a theory of horizontal organization based on international class. Marxist agrees that the social world must be viewed and analyzed in totality. They insist that understanding one without knowledge of the other is not possible because the social world can only be studied as a whole. Another key element of the Marxist approach is the materialist conception of history. Economic development serves as the motor of history. The central dynamic that Marx identifies is tension between means of production and relations of production that together form the economic base of a given society. The legal,...
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Discuss the factors for the growth of regionalism in India (IGNOU/UPSC/STATE EXAMS)

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  Regionalism is an ideology and political movement that seeks to advance the causes of regions. The origin of regionalism in India can be historically traced to many of the factors like cultural heritage, geographical isolation, ethnic loyalties etc. At times, Regionalism can promote healthy competition and be a precursor to nationalism. 

The first significant political expression of regionalism was in the form of the demands for the reorganization of the states on linguistic basis so that the major linguistic groups could be consolidated into states of their own. The linguistic regionalism primarily emerged as a result of the alleged unequal distribution of scare resources among the different social-cultural sub-regions. Linguistic homogeneity also played role in the reorganization of the states. 

On the ethnic and cultural basis, there are several factors for the rise of regionalism. For instance, regional identities based on commonality of religion i.e. the Muslims in the Kashmir valley in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the Sikhs in the case of Punjab, the identities primarily based on language like in the case of the Telugus of Andhra Pradesh, identities based on tribal origin like in the case of the Adivasis who have undergone the process of acculturation in the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, tribal identities among the groups residing in the Himalayan and North-Eastern states who are racially distinct from the peoples of the plains i.e. Nagas, Bodos and Meities.

All these above forms of ethnicity have given rise to the regional or sub-regional movements either demanding autonomy in the form of separate statehood or secession in different parts of India at different periods in the last fifty-six years of independence. It differ in terms of the nature of demands they make on the political process in the sense that larger ones might be inclined to seek statehood, whereas smaller ones might seek autonomy and adequate representation within an existing state.

Because of economic balances, the less developed sub-region are treated as peripheries. Some of the big states came to be known for non-performance in the economic field like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh led the distinct sub- regions of these states to think in terms of smaller states being capable of speedier economic growth on lines of Kerala and Himachal Pradesh. The regional movements in the recent times for the separate statehood for Gorkhaland, Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh can be referred in this context.

The new economic reforms have also triggered regionalism such that under the structural adjustment program of the WTO regime, the center has been unable to give liberal grants to the different regions especially the poorest ones. Thus the regions have been competing against each other for domestic and foreign direct investment. 

Regionalism that is exclusionary in nature and therefore detrimental to the interest of the peripheral regions. It is not secessionist but may become so if it is not handled properly. Thus regional imbalance has to be addressed properly and cannot be left to the market force that is exclusionary in nature and therefore detrimental to the interest of the peripheral region. 


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